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3. The mediating effect of mindfulness3.1. Mindfulness as both state and traitMindfulness is a complex construct that includes both state and traits. Indeed, Brown and Ryan (2003, p. 822) defined mindfulness as both a state and trait concept where "both dispositional and state mindfulness are self-regulated behavior and positive emotional state". Their theory posits that, while attention and awareness are common features in human life, mindfulness occurs when the attention and awareness of current experience is enhanced. Because of this, either a trait or state definition and uses one as the basis for theory development. In this manner, mindfulness is seen as either a top-down or bottom-up emotion regulation strategy, where it is conceptualized as either a mental trait presented in all people (top-down) or a phenomenological process that is typical of a bottom-up mechanism (Chiesa et al., 2013). The current research looks to embed both aspects of mindfulness in a broader, more holistic definition that may be more relevant in a retail or service setting. Specifically, that a person's predisposition to mindfulness (trait) is activated when the situation or immediate environment has cognitive processing (state) beyond that which occurs during automatic, habitual or routine behavior.3.2. Mindfulness exists on a spectrumWhile much of the extant literature focuses on mindfulness as the key construct in either state or trait form, current theory also posits that mindfulness exists on a continuum, where the spectrum is anchored by mindfulness at one end and mindlessness at the other. Mindlessness, similar to mindfulness, is both state and trait-based, where automatic, habitual decisions are made with minimal cognitive resources being dedicated to the action (Brown and Ryan, 2003). As such, mindlessness is characterized by inflexible, rigid thought (Langer, 1989) linked to routine behaviors. This is a view supported by Woods and Moscardo (2003, p. 98) who suggest "mindlessness, as the word suggests, refers to behavior that is routine, does not involve active mental processing, and where people are paying only limited attention to what they are doing".