Persatuan Amerika untuk Ujian dan B

Persatuan Amerika untuk Ujian dan Bahan (ASTM) mendefinisikan bahan seramik sebagai "satu bahan yang dihasilkan daripada bahan bukan organik, bahan-bahan bukan logam dan yang terbentuk apabila suatu jisim lebur yang memejal apabila disejukkan dan terbentuk oleh tindakan haba. "Kebanyakan bahan seramik adalah keras, poros dan rapuh. Penggunaan bahan seramik dalam pembuatan memerlukan kaedah untuk yang sesuai bagi mengurangkan masalah yang berkaitan dengan ciri-ciri tersebut. Bahan seramik biasanya ionik atau kovalen terikat dan mungkin kristal atau amorfus dalam struktur.

Results (English) 1:

American society for testing and materials (ASTM) defines ceramic materials as "a substance produced from inorganic, non-metallic materials and formed when a molten mass that solidifies when cooled and formed by the action of heat." Most of the ceramic material is hard, porous and brittle. The use of ceramic materials in manufacturing require methods to appropriate to mitigate the problems associated with such features. Ceramic materials are usually ionic or robust Covalent binding and may be crystal or amorphous in structure.

Results (English) 2:

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines a ceramic material as "a substance that is produced from inorganic materials instead of metal and formed when a molten mass that solidifies when cooled and are formed by the action of heat." Most of the ceramic material is hard, porous and fragile. The use of ceramic materials in manufacturing requires appropriate methods to reduce the problems associated with those features. Ceramic materials are usually ionic or covalent binding and may be crystalline or amorphous in structure.