F. Teori pengurangan Dorongan dari

F. Teori pengurangan Dorongan dari Hull
1. Uraian Teori
Teori ini termasuk kelompok teori S-R , diperkenalkan oleh Clark Hull (1952) yang dibentuk berdasarkan teori Pavlov. Teori ini memiliki empat peringkat pembelajaran:
a. Peringkat pertama berupa variabel bebas yang dapat berdiri sendiri
b. Peringkkat kedua dan ketiga berupa variabel penengah
c. Peringkat keempat berupa variabel tidak bebas (tidak berdiri berdiri sendiri)

Teori ini mempunyai tujuan utama untuk memprediksi perilaku dan mendeskripsikan perilaku itu. Menurut Hull pembelajaran itu bergantung pada pengukuhan utama dan pengukuhan kedua kedua; meskipun kekuatan suatu respons pada peringkat dorongan pada saat tertentu. Yang penting mengenai teori Hull ini adalah peningkatannya sedikit kearah penerimaan yakni adanya sesuatu yang menengahi di antara rangsangan (stimulus) dan gerak bebas (respons), yaitu dorongan atau ketegangan yang timbul karena tercapainya suatu tujuan tertentu.
2. Kaitan Teori dengan Pembelajaran
Teori pengurangan dorongan ini kaitannya dengan pembelajaran adalah jika seorang guru melihat titik jenuh pada siswa maka jangan terlalu ditekan. Kurangilah tekanan pada pembelajaran karena dapat mematikan karakter siswa. Jika siswa mengalami ketegangan ketika belajar maka guru dapat memberikan sumbangan ide. Hal ini agar memancing kembali semangat untuk siswa.

G. Teori Mediasi dari Osgood
1. Urian Teori
Teori mediasi atau menengah yang termasuk kelompok teori S – R , diperkenalkan oleh Osgood (1953, 1962). Teori ini telah meritis lahirnya teori-teori kognitif, karena karena mengakui adanya faktor mediasi atau penengah di antara rangsangan (stimulus) dan gerak bebas (respons). Osgood juga telah proses pemerolehan semantik (makna) berdasarkan teori mediasi atau penengah ini.
Osgood (1953) juga telah memperkenalkan sign (tanda atau isyarat) sehubungan dengan makna ini. Osgood (1976) mengakui bahwa teorinya tentang perilaku mengenai makna didasarkan pada teori pembelajaran Hull. Menurut teori perilaku Osgood ini, semua sign baik dalam lingistik ataupun bukan, bergantung pada proses-proses mediasi pelambang atau penengah pelambang.


2. Kaitan Teori dengan Pembelajaran
Teori mediasi ini kaitannya dengan pembelajaran adalah ketika guru mengajarkan makna atau istilah pada siswa, guru dapat memberikan kata kunci atau penegnah. Makna atau yang pasti atau acuan agar siswa merespons secara baik dengan memberikan arahan. Siswa dapat dengan mudah menemukan makna dari suatu kata.

H. Teori Dua Faktor dari Mouwer
1. Uraian Teori
Secara lengkap tori ini bernama teori dua faktor yang disempurnakan (revised two factor theory). Teori ini yang masih termasuk golongan teori S – R diperkenalkan oleh D. Hobart Mouwer (1960). Kedua jenis pengukuhan ini menurut Mouwer adalah:
a. Pengukuhan bertambah (incremental reinforcement)
b. Pengukuhan berkurang (decremental reinforcement)
Menurut teori Mouwer ini, perasaan takut dan perasaan mengharapkan sesuatu, begitu juga dengan perasaan lega dan kecewa, merupakan reaksi-reaksi penengah atau mediasi yang telah dilazimkan terhadaprangsangan yang berhubungan dengan suatu gerak balas (respons) yang membangkitkan ganjaran atau hukuman. Mouwer yakin betul bahwa pembiasaan emosi pengharapan dan emosi ketakutan merupakan kunci proses pembelajaran.
Teori Mouwer ini sebenarnya masih lebih cendrung kepada behaviorisme karena emosi-emosi itu harus terlebih dahulu dibiasakan terhadap rangsangan lingkungan sebelum mendapat kekuatan sendiri untuk membangkitkan reaksi. Teori Mouwer ini telah lebih maju sedikit daripada behaviorisme Watsory karena mengakui adanya proses mediasi atau penengah. Oleh karena itu, teori ini termasuk dalam neobehaviorisme bersama Osgood.
2. Kaitan Teori dengan Pembelajaran
Teori dua factor ini kaitannya dengan pembelajaran adalah dengan cara guru dituntut memberikan hukuman/ganjaran sesuai dengan kesalahan yang diperbuat siswa. Hukuman tersebut bertujuan untuk menambah respons terhadap belajar siswa. Perubahan perilaku tersebut seperti dari yang tidak bergerak menjadi bergerak. Jika siswa telah berubah maka kurangi hukumannya.

Results (English) 1:

F. Encouragement from Hull reduction Theory1. Uraian TheoryThis theory includes a batch of S-R theory, introduced by Clark Hull (1952), which was formed based on the theory of Pavlov. This theory has four levels of learning:a. the first stage in the form of independent variables can be standaloneb. second and third in the Peringkkat variable of the medianc. the Fourth Level in the form of variables is not free (not stand stand alone)This theory has the main purpose to predict behavior and the behavior mendeskripsikan. According to Hull the learning depends on strengthening and consolidation of the second second; Although the strength of a response at a certain level of motivation at the moment. The important thing about this is its theoretical Hull a little towards the acceptance of which the existence of something that menengahi between stimulation (stimulus) and impulse (response), yaitu inducement or tensions arising because achieving a particular purpose.2. Relevance of the theory educationThis reduction of the inducement theory related to learning is that if a teacher saw such an appalling point at students then do not too pressed. Kurangilah pressure on learning because students can turn off character. If students suffer tension when learned teachers could then contribute ideas. This is so that the fishing back to students.G. Mediasi Theory from Osgood1. Theoretical UrianThe theory of secondary that includes mediasi or cluster theory S – R, introduced by Osgood (1953, 1962). This theory has been meritis rebirth of cognitive theories, because since acknowledge jitters mediasi or median between stimulation (stimulus) and impulse (a response). Osgood also had procurement process is semantic (meaning) based on this theory or median mediasi.Osgood (1953) has also introduced sign (sign or signal) in conjunction with this meaning. Osgood (1976) acknowledges that teorinya about the conduct of meaning based on the learning theory of Hull. According to this theory, all behavior Osgood sign good lingistik or not, depending on the processes of the median pelambang mediasi pelambang or.2. Relevance of the theory educationThis connection with theory mediasi learning is when the teacher taught the meaning or term in students, teachers can provide keyword or penegnah. Meaning or which you or the mold so that the students responding in good by giving instructions. Students can easily find the meaning of a Word.H. theory of two factors from Mouwer1. Uraian TheoryThis fully named tori two factor theory completed (revised two factor theory). This theory, including the theory that still S – R was introduced by d. Hobart Mouwer (1960). This second type of reinforcement are: according to Mouwera. Strengthening increased (incremental reinforcement)b. Strengthening (decremental reinforcement)According to this theory, Mouwer fear and feeling of expecting something, as well as feeling relieved and disappointed, a median or reaction-a reaction that has been dilazimkan terhadaprangsangan mediasi relating a response (response) that raise the reward or punishment. Proper familiarisation Mouwer confidently emotions that expectation and emotion of fear is the key to the learning process.This theory is actually still more Mouwer cendrung to emotional-emotional behaviorisme because it must first dibiasakan against the stimulation range before getting his own strength to evoke a reaction. This theory was advanced Mouwer marginally from Watsory because acknowledges the existence of behaviorisme process mediasi or median. By Allaah, this theory included in neobehaviorisme with Osgood.2. Relevance of the theory educationThe theory of two factors related to learning this is by the way a teacher claimed gives punishment/reward suits errors made students. The sentence is intended to add a response to the students learning. The behavior changes such as from moving to be moving. If students have changed then kurangi his sentence.

Results (English) 2:

F. The drive reduction theory of Hull
1. Business Theory
This theory includes the theory of SR group, introduced by Clark Hull (1952), which was established by Pavlov's theory. This theory has four stages of learning:
a. The first stage consists of variables that can stand alone
b. Peringkkat second and third intermediate form of variable
c. The fourth stage in the form of a dependent variable (not standing on one's own) This theory has the main purpose to predict the behavior and describe the behavior. According to Hull's learning depends on strengthening both primary and secondary consolidation; although the strength of a response at the level of encouragement at a given time. What is important about Hull's theory is that it increases slightly towards the acceptance of the existence of something that mediate between stimulus (stimulus) and the free movement (response), which is a push or strain resulting from the achievement of a specific goal. 2. Relevance Theory and Learning Theory reduction is associated with learning motivation is if a teacher sees a student saturation point in the not too stressed. Reduce stress on learning because students can turn off character. If students experience when learning tension then the teacher can contribute ideas. This is so eager to lure back students. G. Mediation theory of Osgood 1. Urian Theory Theory mediation or secondary education including group theory S - R, introduced by Osgood (1953, 1962). This theory has been Meritis birth of cognitive theories, because it recognizes the mediating factor or intermediate between the stimulus (stimulus) and the free movement (response). Osgood also has the procurement process semantics (meaning) based on the theory of mediation or intermediaries. Osgood (1953) also introduced the sign (sign or signal) with respect to the meaning of this. Osgood (1976) admits that his theory of meaning based on the behavior of learning theory Hull. According to this theory Osgood behavior, all in lingistik good sign or not, depending on the processes of mediation emblem or symbol intermediate. 2. Relevance Theory and Learning Theory relation to this mediation are learning when teachers teach the meaning or the term of the student, the teacher can assign keywords or penegnah. Or the exact meaning or reference that students responded well to give directions. Students can easily find the meaning of a word. H. Two Factor Theory of Mouwer 1. Business Theory Complete tori is called an enhanced two-factor theory (revised two factor theory). This theory, which still belonged to the theory of S - R introduced by Mouwer Hobart D. (1960). Both types of reinforcement according Mouwer is: a. Strengthening improved (incremental reinforcement) b. Strengthening reduced (decremental reinforcement) According to this theory Mouwer, fear and a sense of hope, as well as a feeling of relief and disappointment, the reactions mediator or mediation dilazimkan terhadaprangsangan relating to a response (response) to generate a reward or punishment. Mouwer convinced that habituation emotions of hope and fear are the key emotional learning process. Mouwer this theory is still more inclined to behaviorism because of the emotions it must first get accustomed to environmental stimuli before getting his own power to evoke a reaction. The theory has been advanced Mouwer bit of behaviorism Watsory since recognized the mediation process or intermediate. Therefore, this theory is included in neobehaviorisme with Osgood. 2. Relevance Theory and Learning Theory of two factors have to do with learning is the way teachers are required to give punishment / reward according to the errors made ​​students. The sentence was intended to increase the response to student learning. Changes in behavior such as from a stationary position to moving. If the student has changed then reduce his sentence.